Multimedia lecture [2]: Changes in Methods: From Nonviolence to Militant Self-Defence

FROM: a philosophy of nonviolence (as promoted by MLK and the SCLC)
TO: militant self-defence (as promoted by Malcolm X and practised by the Black Panthers).
This new breed of activists followed the ideas of Malcolm X, who rejected nonviolence as “the philosophy of the fool” and advocated self defence “by any means necessary” (“I don’t call it violence when it’s self-defence, I call it intelligence”).

Part of the scheme of work: In what ways, for what reasons, and with what results, did the Civil Rights movement become more radical after 1964?